Documentation Actuele10mindataKNMIstations

KNMI collects observations from the automatic weather stations situated in the Netherlands and BES islands on locations such as aerodromes and North Sea platforms. In addition, wind data from KNMI wind poles are included. The weather stations report every 10 minutes meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind, air pressure, visibility, precipitation and cloud cover. The number of parameters differs per station. The file for the past 10-minutes is available a few minutes later. It is possible that a station's observations may not be immediately available. Files are updated with missing data up to 4 hours later.

Deprecation notice

This dataset has been deprecated and will stop receiving updates as of 29-09-2025. You are advised to either use the updated dataset 10-minute-in-situ-meteorological-observations dataset, or switch to the new corresponding EDR API collection. More information about the deprecation can be found here. For more information about the new dataset, refer to the documentation of the new dataset.

Purpose

This actual 10 minute dataset is intended as a near-real-time dataset, allowing KNMI to make the observations available as quickly as possible. Other datasets aim for maximum completeness, such as the data provided by daggegevens.knmi.nl. Some stations have multiple sensors of the same type, which means that different sensors may be responsible for the same variables. As a rule, both sets of numbers can be considered representative and are calibrated and maintained. All sensors have been validated for climatology purposes.

Time

De times in the file are in UTC. For the file name, the dates imply the time period before that time. For example, KMDS__OPER_P___10M_OBS_L2_202301010900.nc has the time period 08:50-09:00 UTC. For the Netherlands, the time in winter is UTC+1, and for summer time UTC+2. There are a few variables that have a different time period. The variables rh10, t10, and td10 have their timestamp in the middle, with the time period of 08:55-09:05.

Stations

If you want to know more about which stations are used and where they are located, please go to the weather stations dataset on the Data Platform. For instance, wind masts and stations in the North Sea have been included in the Actuele10mindataKNMIstations. However, it is important to note that some of these monitoring stations may not yet be completely operational. The data are representative and valid for the measured weather conditions but have not yet been incorporated into the climatological validated datasets.

Note: Not all variables are measured at all stations.

Variables

Here is a list of all variables that are available at one or more stations, with their description and their units. You may find comments next to some variables, those are written out in the table below.

MD = Marked Discontinuity. An abrupt change in wind speed and/or direction (10 knots, 30 degrees, minimum 2 minutes) within a 10-minute interval. After a MD, the values before the MD are no longer included in the 10-minute average. As per WMO and ICAO guidelines.

All variables present in Actuele10mindataKNMIstations
Variables	Description	Unit	Comments
D1H	Rainfall Duration in last Hour	min
dd	Wind Direction 10 Min Average with MD	°	1
dn	Wind Direction Sensor 10 Min Minimum with MD	°	1
dr	Precipitation Duration (Rain Gauge) 10 Min Sum	sec
dsd	Wind Direction 10 Min Std Dev with MD	°	1
dx	Wind Direction Sensor 10 Min Maximum with MD	°	1
ff	Wind Speed at 10m 10 Min Average with MD	m/s	1
ffs	Wind Speed Sensor 10 Min Average with MD	m/s	1
fsd	Wind Speed 10 Min Std Dev with MD	m/s	1
fx	Wind Gust at 10m Maximum last 10 Min Interval	m/s	1
fxs	Wind Gust Sensor Maximum last 10 Min Interval	m/s	1
gff	Wind Gust at 10m 10 Min Maximum with MD	m/s	1
gffs	Wind Gust Sensor 10 Min Maximum with MD	m/s	1
h	Cloud Base	ft
h1	Cloud Base First Layer	ft
h2	Cloud Base Second Layer	ft
h3	Cloud Base Third Layer	ft
hc	Cloud Base Ceilometer Algorithm	ft
hc1	Cloud Base Ceilometer First Layer	ft
hc2	Cloud Base Ceilometer Second Layer	ft
hc3	Cloud Base Ceilometer Third Layer	ft
n	Total cloud cover	octa
n1	Cloud Amount First Layer	octa
n2	Cloud Amount Second Layer	octa
n3	Cloud Amount Third Layer	octa
nc	Total Cloud Cover Ceilometer	octa
nc1	Cloud Amount Ceilometer First Layer	octa
nc2	Cloud Amount Ceilometer Second Layer	octa
nc3	Cloud Amount Ceilometer Third Layer	octa
nhc	Low and Middle Cloud Amount Ceilometer	octa
p0	Air Pressure at Station Level 1 Min Average	hPa
pg	Precipitation Intensity (PWS) 10 Min Average	mm/h	2
pp	Air Pressure at Sea Level 1 Min Average	hPa
pr	Precipitation Duration (PWS) 10 Min Sum	sec	2
ps	Air Pressure at Sensor Level 1 Min Average	hPa
pwc	Corrected Precipitation Type 10 Min Maximum	code KNMI Handboek waarnemingen	3
Q1H	Global Radiation 1 Hour Sum	J/cm²
Q24H	Global Radiation 24 Hour Sum	J/cm²
qg	Global Solar Radiation 10 Min Average	W/m²
qgn	Global Solar Radiation 10 Min Minimum	W/m²
qgx	Global Solar Radiation 10 Min Maximum	W/m²
qnh	QNH 1 Min Average	hPa
R12H	Rainfall in last 12 Hours	mm
R1H	Rainfall in last Hour	mm
R24H	Rainfall in last 24 Hours	mm
R6H	Rainfall in last 6 Hours	mm
rg	Precipitation Intensity (Rain Gauge) 10 Min Average	mm/h
rh	Relative Humidity 1.5m 1 Min Average	%	4
rh10	Relative Humidity 10 Min Average	%	5
Sav1H	Wind Speed Average last 1 Hour	m/s	6
Sax1H	Wind Speed Maximum last 1 Hour	m/s	6
Sax3H	Wind Speed Maximum last 3 Hours	m/s	6
Sax6H	Wind Speed Maximum last 6 Hours	m/s	6
sq	Squall Indicator	code WMO table 4680	7
ss	Sunshine Duration	min
Sx1H	Wind Gust Maximum last 1 Hour	m/s	6
Sx3H	Wind Gust Maximum last 3 Hours	m/s	6
Sx6H	Wind Gust Maximum last 6 Hours	m/s	6
t10	Ambient Temperature 10 Min Average	°C	8
ta	Ambient Temperature 1.5m 10 Min Average	°C	9
tb	Wet Bulb Temperature 1.5m 10 Min Average	°C
tb1	Soil Temperature -5cm 10 Min Average	°C
Tb1n6	Soil Temperature -5cm Minimum last 6 Hours	°C
Tb1x6	Soil Temperature -5cm Maximum last 6 Hours	°C
tb2	Soil Temperature -10cm 10 Min Average	°C
Tb2n6	Soil Temperature -10cm Minimum last 6 Hours	°C
Tb2x6	Soil Temperature -10cm Maximum last 6 Hours	°C
tb3	Soil Temperature -20cm 10 Min Average	°C
tb4	Soil Temperature -50cm 10 Min Average	°C
tb5	Soil Temperature -100cm 10 Min Average	°C
td	Dew Point Temperature 1.5m 1 Min Average	°C	10
td10	Dew Point Temperature 10 Min Average	°C	8
tg	Grass Temperature 10cm 10 Min Average	°C
tgn	Grass Temperature 10cm 10 Min Minimum	°C
Tgn12	Grass Temperature Minimum last 12 Hours	°C
Tgn14	Grass Temperature Minimum last 14 Hours	°C
Tgn6	Grass Temperature Minimum last 6 Hours	°C
tn	Ambient Temperature 1.5m 10 Min Minimum	°C
Tn12	Air Temperature Minimum last 12 Hours	°C
Tn14	Air Temperature Minimum last 14 Hours	°C
Tn6	Air Temperature Minimum last 6 Hours	°C
tsd	SIAM Ambient Temperature 10 Min Average Std Dev	°C
tx	Ambient Temperature 1.5m 10 Min Maximum	°C
Tx12	Air Temperature Maximum last 12 Hours	°C
Tx24	Air Temperature Maximum last 24 Hours	°C
Tx6	Air Temperature Maximum last 6 Hours	°C
vv	Horizontal Visibility 10 Min Average	m	2
W10	Past Weather Indicator	code WMO table 4680	11
W10-10	Past Weather Indicator for Previous 10 Min Interval	code WMO table 4680	11
ww	wawa Weather Code	code WMO table 4680	11
ww-10	wawa Weather Code for Previous 10 Min Interval	code WMO table 4680	11
za	Background Luminance 10 Min Average	cd/m²	2
zm	Meteorological Optical Range 10 Min Average	m	2

Comments for the variables

To better understand the observations, we now also introduce a table of observations. These are intended to provide insights and additional context to the observations. The comments are provided just as they appear in the metadata accompanying the files.

Comments for variables of Actuele10mindataKNMIstations
Number	Comment
1	Note: For wind observations of stations 06209, 06285, 06308, 06312, 06313, 06315, 06316, 06324, 06331 the timestamp indicates the middle of the interval. At other locations the timestamp of the wind observations indicates the end of the interval. The wind sensors at stations 06225, 06229, 06242, 06258, 06260, 06310, 06330 and 06343 are located at different heights above the surrounding terrain than the standard 10m height, and the 10m wind speeds (ff, fx, gff) are copies of the wind speed measured at the height of the wind sensor (ffs, fxs, gffs respectively). The standard deviation of the wind speed (fsd) is not corrected for non-standard measurement height. At certain wind masts of Rijkswaterstaat (06209, 06225, 06229, 06285, 06308, 06312, 06313, 06315, 06316, 06324, 06331) and the platforms on the North Sea (06201, 06203, 06204, 06205, 06207, 06208, 06211, 06214, 06239, 06252, 06320, 06321, 06317), the wind speed is also measured at heights above mean sea level differing from 10m but the 10m wind speeds are estimates of the wind speed that would have been measured at 10m height, based on the sensor height measurements.
2	Note: The sensor is not installed at equal heights at all types of measurement sites: At 'AWS' sites the device is installed at 1.80m. At 'AWS/Aerodrome' and 'Mistpost' (note that this includes site Voorschoten (06215) which is 'AWS/Mistpost') the device is installed at 2.50m elevation. Exceptions are Berkhout AWS (06249), De Bilt AWS (06260) and Twenthe AWS (06290) where the sensor is installed at 2.50m.
3	KNMI: Handboek waarnemingen. 5.3 PW-code neerslagsoort. https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-en-datacentrum/publicatie/handboek-waarnemingen. Note: The sensor is not installed at equal heights at all types of measurement sites: At 'AWS' sites the device is installed at 1.80m. At 'AWS/Aerodrome' and 'Mistpost' (note that this includes site Voorschoten (06215) which is 'AWS/Mistpost') the device is installed at 2.50m elevation. Exceptions are Berkhout AWS (06249), De Bilt AWS (06260) and Twenthe AWS (06290) where the sensor is installed at 2.50m.
4	Note: For some locations only rh10 is provided
5	Note: For this variable the timestamp indicates the middle of the 10 Min interval
6	Note: For wind observations of stations 06209, 06285, 06308, 06312, 06313, 06315, 06316, 06324, 06331 the timestamp indicates the middle of the interval. At other locations the timestamp of the wind observations indicates the end of the interval. The wind sensors at stations 06225, 06229, 06242, 06258, 06260, 06310, 06330 and 06343 are located at different heights above the surrounding terrain than the standard 10m height, and the 10m wind speeds (ff, fx, gff) are copies of the wind speed measured at the height of the wind sensor (ffs, fxs, gffs respectively). The standard deviation of the wind speed (fsd) is not corrected for non-standard measurement height. At the wind masts of Rijkswaterstaat (mainly in the region Zeeland) and the platforms on the North Sea, the wind speed is also measured at heights above mean sea level differing from 10m but the 10m wind speeds are estimates of the wind speed that would have been measured at 10m height, based on the sensor height measurements.
7	WMO table 4680
8	Note: for this variable the timestamp indicates the middle of the 10 Min interval
9	Note: For some locations only t10 is provided
10	Note: For some locations only td10 is provided
11	WMO table 4680. Note: The sensor is not installed at equal heights at all types of measurement sites: At 'AWS' sites the device is installed at 1.80m. At 'AWS/Aerodrome' and 'Mistpost' (note that this includes site Voorschoten (06215) which is 'AWS/Mistpost') the device is installed at 2.50m elevation. Exceptions are Berkhout AWS (06249), De Bilt AWS (06260) and Twenthe AWS (06290) where the sensor is installed at 2.50m.